Eran Chinthaka in his podcast talks to Oxygen Tank on what asynchronous Web services invocation is and why it is required in Web Services. He goes on to explain how it is being implemented in Axis2, Apache's Web Services engine, and why it was required to switch to asynchronous Web services from WS Invocation Framework that was used prior.

Eran Chinthaka is a pioneering contributor to Apache Axis2, Apache Axiom, and Apache Synapse projects as well as WSO2 WSAS. He is a member of ASF and a PMC Member of the Apache WS project. He also serves on the WS-Addressing and WSDL 2.0 working groups of W3C. Eran is currently at Indiana University reading for his PhD.
Podcast: Asynchronous Web Services Invocation & Axis2 [0]
References
A more detailed version of this podcast is available in article form on IBM.com developerworks as 'Develop Asynchronous Web Services with Axis2' [1]